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Directive No. 2011/24/EU of March 9, 2011 on patients' rights in cross-border healthcare aims to guarantee patient mobility and the free provision of healthcare services.

It has been applicable in the European member States since October 25, 2013, and in the European Economic Area* (Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway) since August 1st, 2015. However, it does not apply to Switzerland.

Background information

The European Union's coordination rules guarantee that an insured individual who travels within the European Union will receive the same healthcare as if s/he were a member of the healthcare system of the State in which treatment is provided.

Coordination regulations (EC) Nos. 883/04 and 987/09 entitle insured individuals to receive healthcare elsewhere within the European Union or the European Economic Area (Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway), as well as in Switzerland, and be covered for the care received by their home country's healthcare system according to that system's specific guidelines.

Legal precedent from the European Court of Justice has subsequently reinforced patients' rights. Indeed, by taking account of legal precedent ( Kohll, Decker, Smits and Peerbooms, and Watts rulings), the directive reaffirms the principle of free movement of people.

This directive includes social security coordination rules which work together with those provided by (CE) regulations Nos. 883 and 987.

Content of the directive

The Directive aims to facilitate access to safe, high-quality cross-border healthcare and to promote healthcare-related cooperation between EU and EEA (Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway) member States, while maintaining each State's independent authority to organize and provide healthcare services:

• The patient is free to choose a healthcare provider or facility in either the public or the private sector;
• The patient is reimbursed by the member State of affiliation for at least the amount reimbursed for identical care provided in the State of residence, insofar as the treatment received abroad is covered by that State's healthcare system;
• Cross-border prescriptions for medications or medical devices: the patient's home country must provide follow-up care of equal quality, regardless of where treatment was initially provided;
• Creation of a National Contact Point in each country to inform patients of all of their rights. The Cleiss is France's National Contact Point;
• Formation of a network of national authorities in charge of "e-health" to improve continuity of care and guarantee access to high-quality care;
• Establishment of a network of authorities or bodies in charge of assessing healthcare technologies as a way of promoting cooperation among the competent authorities from each State;
• Member States are encouraged to work together to improve treatment of rare diseases by developing new diagnostics and treatment solutions;
• Support for creating European healthcare provider reference networks, promoting mobility of expertise in Europe and access to highly specialized care by concentrating and combining available resources and expertise.

People covered

The directive covers all European Union citizens, as well as residents who are citizens of other countries and meet certain criteria.

When applied to the EEA member states (Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway), the directive does not cover citizens of other countries. Indeed, these States have not ratified EU Regulation N° 1231/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 extending Regulation (EC) No 883/2004 and Regulation (EC) No 987/2009 to nationals of third countries who are not already covered by these Regulations solely on the ground of their nationality.

The directive refers to the concept of "the patient" rather than the "insured" as is the case in the European coordination regulations.

Healthcare covered

The directive covers all healthcare provided or prescribed in a member State that is not the State of affiliation. It also covers the prescription and delivery of medications and medical devices which are supplied as part of the healthcare being received.

The directive does not apply to:

• Long-term care (home care services),
• Organ donations,
• Public vaccination programs

Healthcare providers covered

The directive covers all healthcare providers legally practicing medicine (public or private, whether or not they charge government-regulated fees), and regardless of whether the services they provide are "reimbursable."

Transposition into French law

The criteria for and details of how medical care is reimbursed, as provided by regulations Nos. 883/04 and 987/09, which currently cover patients who receive care in another European Union or EEA country or Switzerland, remain applicable.
The directive adds on to the current system by incorporating ECJ legal precedent and by bolstering patients' rights when it comes to information and to the quality and safety of care.
The rules for coverage of care are set forth by articles R 160-1 et seq of the French social security code:

• Article R. 160-1 applies to unforeseen or emergency care ("medically necessary during a temporary stay") in another European Union or European Economic Area (Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway) member State or in Switzerland: this is covered by the European Health Insurance Card (EHIC) or the provisional replacement certificate. The EHIC is proof of the patient's entitlement to health insurance coverage and to the same coverage in the country being visited as those insured in that country.
• Article R.160-2 applies to "scheduled care," where the patient travels to another European Union or European Economic Area (Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway) member State or to Switzerland for the purpose of receiving medical treatment. This requires prior authorization for reimbursement from the local health insurance fund to which the patient belongs. Article R.160-2 as from decree N° 2015-1865 of December 30, 2015 circumscribes the prior authorization requirement to include only scheduled care that implies at least one hospitalization, and to that requiring the use of major medical equipment (scanners and MRIs in particular). The list of major medical care and treatments requiring prior authorization has been determined by the decree of May 27, 2014.

The provisions of the directive pertaining to the recognitions of prescriptions written in another EU member State have been transposed into French law by decrees No. 2013-1216 of December 23, 2013 (medications) and No. 2014-1525 of December 27, 2014 (medical devices).

French Law No. 2014-201 of February 24, 2014, which brings various aspects of French health-related law into line with European law, requires persons authorized to use the titles of "chiropractor" and "osteopath" to take out specific insurance.

Decree No. 2015-223 of February 26, 2015 pertaining to the setup and revised roles of the Cleiss, designates the latter as France's National Contact Point as defined by directive No. 2011/24/EU.

How the directive works together with regulation No. 883/2004

The directive mainly applies to ambulatory care, whether or not it is scheduled. Unforeseen or emergency care covered by the EHIC remains within the scope of (EC) regulations Nos. 883/04 and 987/09.

This means that the scopes of (EC) regulation No. 883/2004 and directive No. 2011/24/EC coexist and are complementary. A comparison of the healthcare system in the country of affiliation and that of the country where care is received will determine whether the directive or the regulation applies.

(EC) regulation No. 883/2004:

• Prior authorization (Form S2, "entitlement to scheduled treatment") is required for coverage of scheduled care in another European Union or European Economic Area (Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway) member State or in Switzerland which will include at least 1 night of hospitalization, or for major treatments which appear on a list. Other scheduled care is covered without prior authorization.
• If coverage is granted, the monetary amount covered will be based on the rates set by the Social Security system of the member State where the healthcare was provided. If the insured has paid upfront and has not applied for reimbursement in the country in which the healthcare was provided, the expenses incurred will be reimbursed by the State of Insurance according to the rates applicable in the State in which treatment was provided or, at the insured's request, according to the rates set by the French Social Security system, up to the actual amount incurred.

Directive No. 2011/24/EU:

• France offers a single prior authorization procedure pursuant to the directive and the regulation for certain scheduled treatments (care requiring at least 1 night of hospitalization or the use of major medical equipment).
• Standard ambulatory care (which does not include full hospitalization) is not subject to prior authorization. It is reimbursed based only on the rates set by the French Social Security system, up to the actual amount incurred.